41. According to John Bowlby, which of the following theories provides the best explanation for the development of attachment? a. evolutionary theory b. psychoanalytic theory c. drive-reduction theory d. behavioral theory, and especially reinforcement theory 42. Molly and her infant son often engage each other in a “love-stare†in which each looks and smiles at the other for extended periods of time. The word that best describes this back-and-forth relationship would be: a. social referencing b. synchrony c. imprinting 43. Which of the following phrases best captures the essence of what is meant by the term synchrony? a. two-way b. kind c. generous d. evolutionary 44. Suppose you study two mothers who have new babies but who have different attitudes about how to care for a crying baby. Ruthie believes that every time her baby cries, she should be picked up and comforted. Glenda believes that picking up a crying baby will reinforce the crying and the child will become harder to care for. Research on this topic suggests that whose child is likely to cry less at age 1 year? a. Ruthie’s baby will probably cry less, due to a stronger development of trust and attachment. b. Glenda’s baby will probably cry less, due to a stronger development of reality and responsibility. c. Glenda’s baby will probably cry less, because she will learn that crying does not lead to reward. d. Ruthie’s and Glenda’s babies will probably cry about the same amount, regardless of how their mothers attend to their crying. 4 According to Erik Erikson, securely attached infants are able to develop: a. initiative b. independence c. self-confidence d. trust 46. Little Susie has been a very easy baby to love, since she smiles at everyone who holds her and engages them with eye contact. Recently, however, Susie has become anxious when anyone other than her mother or father holds her, and she wails whenever she is picked up by a stranger. Based on a knowledge of child development, your best guess is that Susie is about how old: a. 4 months old b. 7 months old c. 13 months old d. 22 months old 47. Stranger anxiety is tied most closely to: a. being dropped by a caregiver and developing a phobia about security b. the newly developed ability to distinguish between caregivers and strangers c. child abuse, especially when it results from the father’s or step-father’s behavior d. growing up in an unresponsive environment in which basic needs are sometimes not met 48. The discrepancy hypothesis explains: a. attachment b. synchrony c. social referencing d. stranger and separation anxiety 49. Baby Chuck is picked up by a stranger. He immediately looks at his mother’s face, and judges his reaction based on whether she expresses pleasure or concern. Chuck’s reliance on cues from his mother in forming his own reaction is best considered an example of: a. stranger anxiety b. separation anxiety c. prosocial behavior d. social referencing 50. Cultural values are transmitted from parents to children through many processes. Which of the following concepts is most closely tied to this cultural transmission across the generations? a. development of shame and doubt b. social referencing c. stranger anxiety d. separation anxiety