SOLVED

171) The authors of your text discuss many myths surrounding what B.F. Skinner believed. Which statement about Skinner is fictitious? a. Skinner believed that humans and other animals think and experience emotions. b. Skinner acknowledged that genes influence learning habits. c. Skinner favoured punishment as a behavioural technique. d. Skinner wanted reinforcement principles to better society. 172) Advocates of _________________ argued that psychology should focus on both overt and covert (e.g., thinking, emotion) behaviours, whereas those that endorsed _________________ argued that psychology should focus on observable behaviours only. a. methodological behaviourism; radical behaviourism b. radical behaviourism; methodological behaviourism c. classical conditioning; operant conditioning d. operant conditioning; classical conditioning 173) B. F. Skinner’s critics suggest that he may have neglected the impact of ________ on learned behaviour. a. parenting b. personality c. free will d. genetics 174) The “O” in S-O-R psychology stands for _________________. a. operant b. observational c. organism d. omniscient 175) Which of the following is an example of the S-O-R principle? a. A dog salivates when his owner opens a can of dog food. b. Children copy the actions of their parents. c. Two friends respond differently to the same criticism. d. A student studies harder after getting a C-grade on an exam. 176) Which of the following is true concerning Tolman and Honzlik’s classic study of latent learning? a. Rats were not able to learn if reinforcement was withheld for long periods of time. b. Rats learned when receiving punishment but not when receiving reinforcement. c. Rats learned only when reinforcement was presented immediately following behaviour. d. Rats were able to learn without receiving reinforcement. 177) Concerning cognitive maps, which is likely true? a. Forming a mental representation of the layout of the maze will likely confuse teens because they learn best by doing not thinking. b. Teens allowed to view a maze from 10 feet above before beginning will be less capable of working their way through the maze as compared to children given a practice run through the maze before beginning. c. Teens allowed to view a maze from 10 feet above before beginning will be just as capable of working their way through the maze as compared to children given a practice run through the maze before beginning. d. The ability to form accurate mental representations of the layout of the maze will be difficult for teens, so the group viewing the maze before beginning will likely perform worse on this task. 178) The case of learning in the absence of reinforcement is demonstrated by studies of a. generalization. b. extinction. c. latent learning. d. spontaneous recovery. 179) Studies of latent learning emphasizes the importance of ________ on learning. a. experience b. punishment c. reinforcement d. cognitive processes 180) Tolman proposed that during learning trials, the rats in his experiments developed spatial representations of the maze. Those representations are called ______________. a. token economies b. shaping c. learning histories d. cognitive maps