SOLVED

11.All of the following may help a group avoid or minimize groupthink EXCEPT: a.increasing the size of the team. b.inviting outsiders who have a different perspective. c.appointing a devil’s advocate. d.establishing procedures to protect alternative viewpoints. 12.Research has found that instigating and upholding task-oriented conflicts in the decision-making process can be a strategy to counteract biased information seeking. One conflict-stimulating procedure involves assigning a counterargument role to a group member. When consensus on a particular decision solution has emerged, the contrary employee tries to identify all weaknesses inherent in it. The group must then react to this criticism, and see if the arguments put forth can be invalidated. This procedure is an example of what type of dissent? a.Devil’s advocate procedure b.Abilene paradox c.Escalation of commitment d.Confirmation bias 13.Which situation best illustrates the escalation of commitment? a.A marketing manager fails to state the disadvantages of a product, and only states the positive benefits of that product. b.A marketing manager does not give credit to a team member whose idea was instrumental for the product development. c.A marketing manager makes decisions using a majority voting technique, and does not listen to the minority viewpoint. d.A marketing manager continues to promote a specific brand, despite clear evidence that the brand is losing market share to competitors.  14.There are four key processes involved in the escalation of commitment cycle. Which of the following is NOT one of those processes? a.Psychological determinants b.Project-related determinants c.Risk determinants d.Structural determinants 15.All of the following can help minimize the escalation of commitment EXCEPT: a.setting limits. b.continuing to invest based upon how many resources have already been invested. c.recognizing and accepting sunk costs. d.seeking external review. 16.The Abilene Paradox is a bias that was initially described by what kind of situation? a.A family continues a trip across the hot desert even though nobody wants to take the trip. b.A football game in Texas results in conflict when the teams cannot play fairly. c.U.S. President Kennedy decides to invade Cuba, despite clear evidence that the plan won’t work (Bay of Pigs). d.A famous financier defrauds thousands of people by committing fraud, theft, and money laundering in a huge Ponzi scheme (Bernie Madoff). 17.Group polarization is best described as the tendency for: a.people in groups to follow the crowd, and, in some cases, engage in mob behavior. b.groups to ostracize members who do not agree with them. c.group discussion to mitigate group opinion; producing less extreme judgment than might be obtained by pooling individuals’ views separately. d.group discussion to intensify group opinion; producing more extreme judgment than might be obtained by pooling individuals’ views separately. 18.Marilyn, Bob, and Carl all believe a certain defendant is probably guilty and should be sentenced. Individually their recommendations for a sentence are 3,5, and 7 years. When they meet as a group however, they recommend 10 years. This change and collective shift is called: a.groupthink. b.group polarization. c.the Abilene paradox. d.an escalation of commitment. 19.The two psychological explanations for group polarization are: informational influence and normative influence. Informational influence is best described as the need __________; normative influence is best described as the need __________. a.to have power (influence) over others; to fit in with the group b.for cognition; for emotion c.to be right (accurate); to be liked (accepted) d.to be liked (accepted); to be right (accurate) 20.All of the following are TRUE about conformity EXCEPT: a.conformity is greater when people make difficult judgments. b.conformity is greater when the rest of the group is unanimous. c.conformity is greater when people value and admire their team. d.conformity is greater when people have high social status in their team.       21.Because individuals who deviate from their team’s opinion are more harshly evaluated than those who conform to it, which of the following is a reason why team members are more likely to conform to the majority viewpoint? a.The team member is confident in his or her own opinion. b.Team members anticipate future interactions with other group members. c.The team member can express their opinion in a non-public forum. d.The team member’s individual reward is independent from the group’s reward. 22.In terms of creating conditions that encourage ethical decision making in organizations, all of the following are valid EXCEPT: a.rewarding people based upon their bottom line profitability. b.making people accountable for their behavior. c.having appropriate organizational role models. d.eliminating conflicts of interest. 23.A situational example of the False Consensus Effect is: a.Mitchell has a tendency to overestimate the degree to which others share his views on ethical matters. b.Emily has seen so many of her coworkers behave rudely to customers that she is no longer shocked by it, and at times is rude to customers too. c.Carl is more likely to express his prejudiced attitudes in his office, even though his coworkers’ past behavior has established a non-prejudiced workplace. d.Jessica feels that it is acceptable to participate in slightly unethical behavior if it could help her be more successful in her career.      24.In regard to how accountability effects organizational decision making, accountability for __________ leads to greater escalation behavior, whereas accountability for __________ increases decision-making effectiveness. a.group mood; group performance b.planning; rewards c.failure; success d.outcomes; process