SOLVED

121. For as long as Brian can remember, he has been fearful of being in high places. Just the idea of climbing stairs or riding in an elevator causes him to be overcome with uncontrollable fear. Brian likely suffers from: a. a phobia b. negative conditioning c. habituation d. reinforcement failure 122 Operant conditioning is especially likely to be involved in the development of: a. phobias b. excessive salivation c. habituation d. habits 123. Operant conditioning is most closely associated with which of the following? a. production of reflexive responses, such as salivation b. production of emotional responses, such as fearfulness c. the ability to screen meaningless repetitive stimuli out of consciousness d. understanding the effect of consequences that follow a particular behavior 124. Which of the following is the best example of a partial schedule of reinforcement? a. Every time he cries, Robert’s mother picks him up. b. Vickie has a tantrum every time her mother takes her to the grocery store because once or twice in the past her mother has given in and bought her candy to quiet her down. c. Julie has come to expect that she will be paid for babysitting her little brother because this is what parents always do. d. Jake has a terrible fear of spiders that his therapist has now diagnosed as a phobia. 125. A consequence that decreases the probability that a behavior will be repeated is a technical definition of the term: a. punishment b. threat c. self-efficacy d. partial schedule 126. Systematically reinforcing successive approximations to a desired act defines: a. shaping b. counterconditioning c. stimulus generalization d. systematic desensitization 127. Suppose Sandra has difficulty in concentrating while doing her homework. She decides to reward herself for reading 5 minutes without letting her mind wander. After a week of this, she decides to reward herself only when she reads for 10 minutes without distraction. Finally, she is able to concentrate for 15 minutes at a time without distraction. Sandra’s ability to improve her study behavior is best considered an example of: a. shaping b. classical conditioning c. habituation d. punishment 128. Learning through the method of “successive approximation” is at the heart of the concept called: a. self-efficacy b. classical conditioning c. partial schedules of reinforcement d. shaping 129. Rex decides that the only way he will ever be able to work hard enough to pass his chemistry class is to give himself a reward after every chapter he reads and every lab report he turns in on time. His approach to studying is best thought of as an example of: a. classical conditioning b. behavior modification c. habituation d. normative age-graded influences 130. The application of learning principles in order to change behavior is called: a. EPS: Establishing Partial Schedules b. CC-OC: Classical Conditioning-Operant Conditioning c. ABA: Applied Behavioral Analysis d. Meta-analysis