SOLVED

1 1.The framing bias makes specific predictions about how people will behave when faced with a sure course of action versus a gamble. Which of the following best describes the effects of the framing bias? a.People are risk-averse (i.e., preferring a sure thing) for both gains and losses. b.People are risk-seeking (i.e., preferring a gamble) when choosing among gains and losses. c.People tend to be risk-averse when choosing among gains, but risk-seeking when choosing among losses. d.People tend to be risk-seeking when choosing among gains, but risk-averse when choosing among losses. 2.An example of the overconfidence bias is: a.Bill’s tendency to consider evidence that supports his position on illegal immigration, but disregards evidence that refutes his beliefs. b.Carol and her team have been working on a new product for several years and one expensive prototype has become their main focus. When evaluating the choices for launch, the group judges the top prototype as the best one for launch over less expensive options. c.Joe makes a stock price prediction and believes that there is only a 5% chance that his estimate is wrong; overlooking recent articles about the bad financial health of the business. d.a judge in a criminal court hears over 80 cases a day. The defendants whose cases are heard late in the day were given harsher sentences. 3.The confirmation bias is best described as the tendency for people to: a.seek and consider evidence that supports their preferred hypothesis, and discount or ignore information that refutes their beliefs. b.want others to agree with them because of their need to be liked. c.not want to act as a devil’s advocate in a group, even though it would help the group. d.put unwarranted confidence in their decisions.      4.Which of the following is NOT a behavioral consequence of decision fatigue: a.spending more money. b.making more accurate decisions. c.making harsh decisions. d.avoiding decision-making altogether. 5.Related to the confirmation bias, an example of “tunnel vision” would be: a.In advance of the board meeting regarding the company’s decision to move their offices, Ken has made up his mind to move the office to Wisconsin. He spends a lot of time finding information on the tax benefits of doing business in Wisconsin and overlooks similar tax benefits in Indiana. b.Carl hasn’t made up his mind about moving the company to a new location. He spends most of his time researching the lowest tax rates nationwide, and looking into what states are the least restrictive in terms of environmental compliance. c.Mary feels secure in her viewpoint to move the company headquarters to Wisconsin, but also spends time researching cities such as Kansas City, Minneapolis, and Columbus, to inform herself of the quality of life and opportunities for business growth in these locations. d.Kim feels pressured by the group to conform to the majority viewpoint of where to move the company headquarters. She limits her group input, and instead focuses on improving the company’s product prototype. 6.A demonstrable task is a task that: a.can be demonstrated to a group. b.demonstrates the skill of the person who completes it. c.has an obvious, correct answer. d.demonstrates the cohesion of a group. 7.Groups perform better than individuals on a wide range of demonstrable tasks. What is a key reason why groups outperform individuals faced with the same task? a.Groups are much more overconfident than individuals, regardless of their actual accuracy. b.Groups are more likely to exacerbate some of the shortcomings displayed by individuals. c.Groups outperform individuals due to a process in which group members become more accurate during the group interaction. d.Groups are more likely to neglect case-specific information and ignore base-rate information. 8.Groupthink occurs when team members place the goal of __________ above all other decision priorities. a.good judgment b.ethical decisions c.efficiency d.consensus 9.Key symptoms of groupthink take root and blossom in groups that succumb to the pressures of reaching unanimity. Which of the following is one of those symptoms? a.Members of the group regard themselves as invulnerable, morally correct, and exempt from organizational standards. b.The group’s process of creating ideas and reaching decisions is balanced, and out-group member opinions are respected. c.There is a diversity of opinions within the group. d.Group members constantly discuss their reservations about the group’s controversial viewpoint. 10.Regarding ways to avoid groupthink, what is the goal of using the risk technique? a.It allows groups to adopt different perspectives in order to create a mechanism that will instigate thinking more carefully about problems. b.It creates an atmosphere in which team members can express doubts and raise criticisms without fear of rejection or team hostility. c.It allows team members to assume the perspective of other constituencies with a stake in the decision. d.It gives teams an opportunity to identify a second solution as an alternative to their first choice.