SOLVED

6-11) Using a pretest-posttest, nonequivalent control group design, Professor Moriarty takes a group of subjects who received the lowest scores on the pretest and, one day later, runs them through a program that, he believes, will help the subjects improve their scores. One week later, when the study is finished, Professor Moriarty finds that, indeed, the scores have improved with these subjects. What type of confound does he need to consider in this case? a. Maturation b. Interviewer bias c. Regression to the mean d. Experimenter bias 6-12) In an interrupted time-series design, the “interrupted” aspect refers to when then researcher a. rudely disrupts the participants, which raises some ethical issues in the study. b. takes the study to the “real world,” where an interruption in the environment occurs. c. abruptly calls off the study and sends the subjects home without compensation. d. inserts a manipulation or event in between the pretest and posttest. 6-13) The simplest form of an interrupted time-series research design refers to the situation where the research design does not contain a. a control group. b. any research participants. c. any statistical analyses of the data. d. any dependent variables. 6-14) Stability in the data from an interrupted time-series research design can best be seen when the a. researcher does not have good control of nonsystematic variance. b. subjects display a good deal of individual differences. c. study makes use of multiple assessments of subjects’ behavior. d. researcher opts to use, instead, a naturalistic observational design. 6-15) In an interrupted time-series design, regression to the mean is more plausible when subjects a. fail to show up for the study. b. in the pretest, have scores that are unusually high or low. c. in the pretest, have scores that are near the average of the distribution. d. in the posttest, fail to complete the task. 6-16) By adding a control group in an interrupted time-series design, researchers hope to a. increase nonsystematic variability. b. increase the internal validity of the study. c. decrease the clarity of the effects of the independent variable. d. decrease the reliability of dependent variable. 6-17) Suppose a study reports findings that private school students do better academically compared to public school students, where the researchers are looking at existing schools from both categories as the independent variable and grade point averages as the dependent variable. In this study, the researcher is making use of a a. quasi-experiment with a nonmanipulated independent variable. b. laboratory experiment with a high degree of internal validity. c. correlational study with no manipulations. d. descriptive study with no manipulations and measures. 6-18) Dr. Falcone is working on a study where she is interested in measuring age differences in problem-solving behavior across the lifespan. To conduct this study, she brings into her laboratory a group of 5-year-old, 10-year-old, 20-year-old, and 50-year-old subjects at one time, and measures the subjects’ ability to solve a number of word problems. It appears as though Dr. Falcone is carrying out a a. longitudinal design. b. cross-sectional design. c. a “true” laboratory experiment with a high degree of internal validity. d. naturalistic observational design. 6-19) Dr. Malloy is working on a study where he is interested in measuring age differences in problem-solving behavior across the lifespan. To conduct this study, he brings into his laboratory a group of 5-year-old children, measures the subjects’ ability to solve a number of word problems, and asks these same subjects to return to his laboratory once every 5 years for the next 20 years so that he can remeasure their performance on similar tasks. It appears as though Dr. Falcone is carrying out a a. longitudinal design. b. cross-sectional design. c. a “true” laboratory experiment with a high degree of internal validity. d. naturalistic observational design. 6-20) The __________ design is costly, in both time and money, because it requires the researcher to bring back the subjects multiple times at selected intervals in order to remeasure the variables of interest. a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. naturalistic observational d. factorial