SOLVED

101) In order to avoid the _____________________, experiments should be conducted in a double-blind fashion. a. Rosenthal effect b. hindsight effect c. placebo effect d. nocebo effect 102) The ________ refers to the phenomenon in which researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study. a. nocebo effect b. placebo effect c. hindsight effect d. experimenter expectancy effect 103) How does conducting a double-blind study attempt to remedy the experimenter expectancy effect? a. The experimenter and the participant both know what condition the participant is assigned to. b. The experimenter does not know but the participant does know what condition the participant is assigned to. c. The experimenter knows but the participant does not know what condition the participant is assigned to. d. Neither the experimenter nor the participant knows what condition the participant is assigned to. 104) Keeping both the participants and researchers unaware of the constituent groups (experimental or control) utilizes what research technique? a. Hindsight b. Single-blind c. Nocebo d. Double-blind 105) Why are experimenter expectancy effects so troublesome in an experimental design? a. They allow researchers to confirm hypotheses even when those hypotheses are incorrect. b. They interfere with a researcher’s ability to say that the only possible cause for the observed differences was the manipulation of the independent variable. c. Both A and B are correct. d. Neither A nor B is correct. 106) Samantha signs up for a psychology experiment, and is told that the study involves people’s study habits by themselves or in groups. She is assigned to an individual study room, and given a packet of materials to study. She also notices that she can hear music through speakers in the room, and wonders whether the experiment is really about whether music distracts people while they are studying. She decides to try even harder to study the material she was given and ignore the music. This example best demonstrates the concept of a. the Rosenthal effect. b. demand characteristics. c. experimenter expectancy effects. d. the placebo effect. 107) ______ represent(s) cues that participants pick up from the study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher’s hypothesis. a. Cueing effects b. Participant observation c. Unobtrusive observation d. Demand characteristics 108) To avoid demand characteristics, researchers frequently use _____________ to keep their participants unaware of the purpose of the experiment. a. random selection b. placebos c. double-blind designs d. deception 109) Suppose a researcher invites an individual participant to a sleep laboratory, but he refuses to fall asleep. Hours go by and the researcher cannot understand why the participant won’t sleep. In the morning, a very tired participant asks if the real purpose of the study was to observe his reaction to having a rat in the bed with him. That the participant purposefully stayed awake thinking this was the nature of the study demonstrates a. demand characteristics. b. participant observation. c. overt observation. d. covert observation. 110) Dr. Jonas is conducting a survey on teenage abortions, and advertises for participants in local newspapers and teen magazines. He finds that 90% of teens report they don’t regret their decision to have an abortion and appear to be mentally healthy following the procedure. What is the main overarching difficulty with the conclusions from his study? a. There was no random selection so the respondents may not represent the population. b. Teenagers have a greater tendency to be untruthful on surveys relative to adults. c. It was likely the teenagers were trying to make themselves appear better than they were. d. There are no major flaws with this study.