SOLVED

121. Dr. Marston is a cancer specialist that states that he rarely chooses a specific drug for ovarian cancer because it has not worked with several of his own patients, even though the drug has performed well in large clinical trials. Dr. Marston is exhibiting which characteristic(s) of human judgment and decision-making? a. the tendency to base decisions on personal experience rather than objective data b. the tendency for people to look for causes that underlie random events c. the tendency for people to try to reason outside their field of expertise, such as his pharmaceutical knowledge d. all of these 122. Decisions about practical affairs are often solved through ________, a process of critical thinking in which conflicting viewpoints are evaluated by considering the evidence for and against both sides. a. intuitive reasoning b. convergent thinking c. deductive thinking d. dialectical reasoning 123. Your doctor recommends a popular antidepressant medication to help you overcome symptoms of depression. Faced with this decision, you might mentally list the pros and cons of antidepressants, including information about side-effects, effectiveness, and the risk of withdrawal symptoms. Through this process of ________ reasoning, you would consider the value of both sides of the argument and make a decision. a. intuitive b. convergent c. inductive d. dialectical 124. When people use dialectical reasoning, they a. realize that the best decision right now may not be the best decision at some other time in the future. b. realize the best decision for one person may not be the best decision for another person. c. evaluate the evidence for and against both sides of an issue. d. do all of these. 125. _________ thinkers realize that many questions lack a single correct answer, that the search for knowledge is never ending, and that there may be value in seemingly opposing positions. a. Formal operational b. Postformal c. Convergent d. Intuitive 126. Dian explains to her classes that many decisions we make in life lack a single correct answer, that your search for knowledge is never ending, and that other people can evaluate information and make informed decisions that will differ from your informed decision. Dian is encouraging her students to be _________ thinkers. a. formal operational b. postformal c. radical d. intuitive 127. William Perry, Jr. found that college students approach the intellectual challenges of college in one of three ways. Which is NOT one of these three ways? a. relativism b. commitments in relativism c. crystallization d. dualism 128. College students who exhibit _________ reason mostly at the level of concrete operations and approach learning as the process of memorizing facts and “spitting” them back to the professor. a. relativism b. commitments in relativism c. crystallization d. dualism 129. Joy is a freshman in college, and she says that “learning is nothing more than just memorizing a bunch of facts and spitting them back at the professors on the tests.” According to Perry, Joy is exhibiting a. dualism. b. commitments in relativism. c. crystallization. d. relativism. 130. College students who exhibit _________ have difficulty understanding how concepts and theories organize facts and, as a result, they are unable to distinguish main points from supportive information and are frequently overwhelmed by the amount of material they have to study. a. relativism b. commitments in relativism c. crystallization d. dualism