SOLVED

21) McClelland’s need for achievement best approximates Maslow’s need for a. self-efficacy. b. self-actualization. c. growth. d. goals. e. exceptional status. 22) Martha has been asked by her manager to carry out a complicated task for which she does not have the skills and knowledge. Her manager says there is not time to send her for training. Martha is unmotivated to attempt the task because she doubts very much that she will be able to perform the required job adequately and within the time deadline. Martha’s motivation is characterized as a. having low instrumentality. b. having high instrumentality. c. having low expectancy. d. having a low valence. e. having a high expectancy. 23) Damien is one of the best sales people at his place of work. He works long hours at his job because he knows his efforts are recognized by the manager and the other sales people. At the end of every year the company “surprises” employees who have met their targets with a bonus. Damien’s motivation is characterized by a. a low level of expectancy, but a high level of instrumentality. b. contingency factors. c. a strong level of safety. d. a high level of instrumentality. e. a high level of insight and goal setting. 24) Yvonne tries to make sure that her staff understands that the rewards they receive are closely related to performance. This is known as a. valence. b. self-actualization. c. motivation. d. instrumentality. e. expectancy. 25) In Katie’s department, managers and employees jointly set performance goals that are tangible, verifiable, and measurable. Progress on goals is periodically reviewed, and rewards are allocated on the basis of this progress. This approach to goal setting is known as a. management by objectives. b. the valence approach. c. the instrumentality approach. d. the expectancy approach. e. the extrinsic approach. 26) Kim likes to take on tasks where she knows that, if she puts in enough effort, she will be able to achieve good performance on the task. This is known as a. expectancy. b. valence. c. instrumentality. d. self-actualization. e. motivation. 27) Ali thinks that his excellent performance will lead to organizational rewards, such as a bonus, salary increase, or a promotion. Ali supports which motivation theory? a. expectancy b. equity c. cognitive evaluation d. goal setting e. contingency 28) Your professor offers to give you $1 million if you memorize the textbook by tomorrow morning. You believe that no matter how much effort you put in, it’s probably not possible to achieve this task within 24 hours. Your belief is based on a. the effort-performance relationship called expectancy. b. the performance-rewards relationship called instrumentality. c. the rewards–personal goals relationship called valence. d. the fact that your professor does not look like a millionaire. e. all of the wonderful items that can be purchased with the money. 29) Li is finding out that the prospect of a pay increase is no longer motivating her staff because they know that the raises will be minimal at best. This reflects the ________ of this reward. a. expectancy b. equity c. valence d. instrumentality e. justice 30) Abbel is willing to stay at his present job that pays less than the competition because he enjoys the friendly atmosphere and feels motivated to continue to work hard at his job. Abbel’s belief is based on a. instrumentality. b. expectancy. c. valence. d. performance. e. goal setting.