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21) Professor Susan Strongarm studied discrimination against women plumbers. Her hypothesis was that the greatest discrimination would be by businesses owned by men and individuals who believe strongly in traditional sex roles. She contacted 75 small business owners and 100 individual home owners who planned to hire a plumber. She offered each subject six possible plumbers to chose from. The plumbers had varying levels of experience, training, and charged different rates. One of the six was a woman and the other five were men. She discovered that 80 percent of the male business owners chose a man plumber although a woman plumber had more experience and training and charged less for the same service. For female business owners 30 percent chose a man plumber over a better qualified and cheaper woman. Every single home owner who believed strongly in traditional gender roles chose a male. All those who believed in non-traditional sex roles ignored gender and chose on the basis of skill and price alone. What is the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE in the study? A) The amount charged by the plumber B) Whether or not discrimination against women plumbers occurred C) Whether the plumber is union or non-union D) Whether a small business owner was male or female E) Whether a plumber was male or female 22) Professor Crimefighter looked at the number of arrests for drunken driving on the roads in 10 urban and 10 rural counties of Ontario. He found police made more arrests on roads in the rural counties. Professor Crimefighter concluded that people who live in rural areas are more likely to drive while intoxicated than are people who live in urban areas. Crimefighter’s conclusion has the problem of A) premature closure. B) over-extension. C) ecological fallacy. D) reductionism. E) spuriousness. 23) The world-wide “Great Depression” of the 1930s was caused by Henry Handsome, a prominent New York Stock broker, who suffered from severe paranoia and told six wealthy friends to sell their stocks no matter what the price when he heard of a European bank going bankrupt in October 1929. Which logical error in causal explanation is presented in this explanation of the Great Depression? A) Null hypothesis B) Spurious statement C) Ecological fallacy D) Reductionism E) None of the above 24) Dr. Munroe of the Quick Stop Counselling Clinic noticed that female clients with eating disorders who were counselled during the hours of 8:00 to 11:45 a.m. recovered much faster than those who were counselled from 1:00 to 5:00 p.m. She jumped to the false conclusion that the time of day of counselling caused a quicker recovery. Dr. Elgin was more cautious. He noticed that all the clinic staff used the same treatment, but the clinic’s female counsellors all worked at the clinic in the morning, and male counsellors worked in the afternoon. He found that the faster recovery had nothing to do with the time of day; rather, it was due to female clients responding to the treatment with female counsellors. What is Dr. Munroe’s initial causal relationship called? A) Null hypothesis B) Spurious statement C) Ecological fallacy D) Reductionism E) None of the above 25) An error in explanation that relies on the fulfillment of an ultimate purpose is called: A) tautology. B) teleology. C) reductionism. D) spuriousness. E) ecological fallacy 26) Which of the following is part of study design by someone using a quantitative research style? A) Variables and hypotheses B) Grounded theory C) Use of different orders of interpretation D) Non-linear research path E) Emphasis on cases and contexts 27) Graduate student Rob Roth noted that criminals sent to the Kent Prison in British Columbia were less likely to commit additional crimes once released compared to criminals who were sent to the Kingston Penitentiary in Ontario. He jumped to the conclusion that the facilities, staff, and programs at Kent had a causal effect of reducing future criminal behaviour. A fellow graduate student, Sherry Stevens, was more cautious. She noticed that different types of criminals were sentenced to the two prisons. She discovered that those sentenced to Kent were an average of eight years younger than those sentenced to Kingston, that they had been convicted of less violent crimes, and that they spent an average of two fewer years in prison. She argued that post-prison criminal behaviour had nothing to do with conditions of the Kent Prison itself; rather, it was due to the youth, offenses, and length of time spent in prison by those sent to Kent compared to the Kingston Penitentiary. The problem with Rob Roth’s conclusion is A) null hypothesis. B) non-linear research path. C) ecological fallacy. D) reductionism. E) spuriousness. 28) Which of the following is an example of a bad research question? A) Do students attending high schools that offer sex education have lower teen pregnancy rates than those schools that do not? B) Is premarital sex immoral? C) Do teens who begin to engage in sexual relations when they are younger than 15 have lower self-esteem than teens who wait to begin until they are over 18? D) Does an absence of reliable birth control information increase the chances that sexually active teens will catch and spread sexually transmitted diseases? E) Does the age at which young men first engage in sexual intercourse differ among those who live in rural areas, small towns, suburbs, and large cities? 29) When does a qualitative researcher focus a study into a specific research question? A) Before selecting a general topic B) After selecting a topic, but before gathering any data C) After selecting a topic and deciding how to collect data D) After selecting a topic, gathering some data, and conducting preliminary analysis of the data E) There are no research questions in qualitative research. 30) Political Scientist Tom Travers tested whether the “military effort of modern industrial nations” is caused by the “electoral success by the right-wing parties” or the “popularity of nationalist beliefs” in a society. He tested the theory by looking at data on 22 large industrial nations from 1969 to 1999. He measured military effort as the “share of the gross national product” for military (e.g., weapons, training, stationing troops), right-wing party success by the percent of votes going to right-wing political parties in both national and local elections, and nationalist beliefs by attitude data from each nation. Data for the share of the gross national product came from the International Labour Organization, while data for right-wing party power and nationalist attitudes came from previous studies by other researchers. In this study, the DEPENDENT VARIABLE is A) nationalist beliefs. B) military effort. C) gross national product. D) International Labour Organization. E) votes during national and local elections for right-wing parties.

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