41) In Canada, those at the highest risk of personal victimization are between the ages of ________. a. 12 and 18 b. 12 and 21 c. 14 and 20 d. 15 and 24 e. 21 and 25 42) Gender appears so closely linked to most forms of criminal activity that it has been called ________. a. “the investigator’s key” b. “the prosecutor’s crutch” c. “the solution to investigative stalls” d. “the best single predictor of criminality” e. “the defence council’s ace” 43) It is believed that _______ is the most seriously under-reported crime. a. sexual assault b. theft $5 000 and under c. robbery d. fraud e. assault with a weapon 44) The apparently low rate of female criminality has been explained by some criminologists as being primarily due to all of the below cultural factors except ________. a. A reluctance among criminal justice officials to prosecute women b. role expectations c. a reluctance among criminal justice officials to arrest women d. early socialization e. proximity of victim’s residence to the accused’s residence 45) Population statistics have been collected since pre-Roman times. Indeed, historians believe that Roman population counts were made every ___________. a. 3 years b. 4 years c. 5 years d. 7 years e. 10  years 46) In 2008, a police-reported Crime Security Index was introduced in Canada to measure changes in the severity of crime ____________. a. every 3 years b. every 5 years c. every 7 years d. from year to year e. every six months 47) According to the Violence Against Women Survey (VAWS) undertaken by Statistics Canada in 1993, __________ of all Canadian women reported having experienced at least one incident of violence since age 16. a. one-sixth b. one-third c. about 50% d. two-thirds e. nearly 75 percent 48) The accuracy of self-report studies is largely predicated on _______________. a. the honesty and forthrightness of the respondent b. the age and gender of the respondent c. the ability of the respondent to analyze data d. the gender and social class of the respondent e. The social class and age of the respondent 49) In 2009, women made up just over _________ of all adults charged with a Criminal Code offence, up from 15 percent in 1979. a. 12 percent b. 21 percent c. 90 percent d. 80 percent e. 8 percent 50) According to Public Safety Canada statistics (2011), the racial group least represented as a percentage of the federal offender population is _______________. a. Caucasian b. Aboriginal c. Asian d. Hispanic e. Black