SOLVED

161) Kelsey just told her family a really funny joke that she made up herself. In order to use a primary reinforcer to encourage her in her joke-telling, Kelsey’s dad might a. offer her money. b. applaud her appropriate behaviour. c. offer her praise for a job well done. d. offer her a piece of candy. 162) ________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer. a. A cupcake; a certificate of achievement given to a student b. A kiss; money c. Water; food d. A gold star; cupcake 163) A ____________________ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a ____________________ reinforcer. a. positive; negative b. secondary; primary c. natural; artificial d. primary; secondary 164) Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer? a. Water b. Food c. Shelter d. A gold star 165) Token economies are reinforcement-based strategies that use points, tokens, and chips as ________ reinforcers. a. primary b. secondary c. neutral d. negative 166) Which of the following is true of token economies? a. Token economies have proven to be effective in conditioning behaviour over long periods of time. b. Token economies work best with elementary school children as compared to teens. c. Token economies work best when conditioning behaviour over short periods of time. d. Token economies have proven to be ineffective when employed in juvenile detention centres and group homes. 167) Regarding the two-processes of operant and classical conditioning, which is true? a. Concerning brain imaging scans, phobias are based largely in the temporal lobes. b. Concerning brain imaging scans, phobias are based largely in the frontal lobes. c. Phobias are likely caused by classical conditioning maintained by operant conditioning. d. Phobias are likely caused by operant conditioning and maintained by classical conditioning. 168) Chiquita is afraid of robots. Her phobia was likely acquired through ________________, and is maintained through ______________ as she avoids contact with robots which help her anxiety. a. operant conditioning, positive reinforcement b. classical conditioning, negative reinforcement c. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning d. observational conditioning; avoidance conditioning 169) The main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that a. operant conditioning describes behaviour as resulting from personality traits. b. operant conditioning describes behaviour as resulting from reasoning about actions and consequences. c. operant conditioning describes behaviour as resulting from moral development. d. operant conditioning describes behaviour as resulting from biological drives. 170) Use of operant conditioning techniques and applied behaviour analysis (ABA) have been applied extensively to treating which disorder? a. Schizophrenia b. Phobias c. Autism d. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder