11) What are three types of maps and diagrams a field researcher would create? What is the purpose of maps and diagrams? 12) Describe the criteria by which qualitative studies can be assessed that generally correspond to the quantitative concerns of validity, generalizability, reliability, and objectivity. How can the qualitative researcher be sure that each of these criteria is met in his or her research project? 13) Briefly describe the main features of “participatory action research†(PAR). What one major feature distinguishes this approach from all other quantitative and qualitative approaches? 14) Field researchers often use nonprobability samples, which means that they may take a smaller, selective set of observations from all possible observations. Identify and briefly describe four different types of units a field researcher might sample. 15) Describe four ethical dilemmas that field researchers are most likely to confront during and after the course of their research. How should the field researcher deal with each dilemma? 16) What type of study best typifies field research? A) An examination of the similarities and differences in attitudes or behaviours between two groups of people B) A study that requires the researcher to administer a survey to individuals in small group settings C) Studying people in a specific location or a particular setting D) Situations where the researcher is not able to directly interact with the participants E) Any study that requires analysis of a sampled population 17) Ethnography is often considered a ________ rather than a ________. A) method, methodology B) methodology, method C) technique, method D) general theoretical orientation, specific theoretical orientation E) method, technique 18) A cultural norm such as knowing the appropriate distance at which to stand from others is a specific example of A) universal knowledge. B) naturalism. C) explicit knowledge. D) observational knowledge. E) tacit knowledge. 19) Which of the following statements best describes the art and logic of field research? A) It is easily replicated. B) It is the most expensive data collection technique. C) It produces generalizable laws about human behaviour. D) It is usually conducted by a researcher alone or in a small team. E) It involves looking at a setting from a single point of view or perspective. 20) Naturalism and direct involvement mean that field research is ________ than quantitative research. A) less structured B) more structured C) less meaningful D) more rigid E) less flexible