SOLVED

31) Each year, psychics make predictions about events they believe will occur, though few of these events ever do. Psychics are quite certain of their claims despite their frequent, later inaccuracy. This finding would be consistent with the psychological phenomenon known as a. the hindsight bias. b. the availability heuristic. c. the confirmation bias. d. the overconfidence effect. 32) An important danger of the heuristics and cognitive biases discussed in Chapter 2 is that they lead us a. to become anxious or depressed about our place in the world. b. to doubt our intuition and gut feelings in important real-life circumstances. c. to believe in observations about our world that are not true. d. to underestimate our general levels of cognitive abilities and skills. 33) When a researcher tests his or her hypothesis, he or she is often hoping to gather information that is consistent with a particular theory. What, more specifically, allows a researcher to say that he or she has “proven” a theory? a. A researcher is never able to say that he or she has “proven” a theory. b. Anytime a hypothesis confirms one theory and simultaneously disconfirms at least one other theory, a theory has been “proven.” c. Anytime a hypothesis is confirmed, a theory is automatically “proven.” d. Anytime a hypothesis confirms one theory and simultaneously disconfirms all other known theories, a theory has been “proven.” 34) Which of the following statements regarding the scientific method is correct? a. There is no single scientific method. b. There is a single scientific method. c. There are two scientific methods: one for hard/natural sciences, and one for soft/social sciences. d. There are multiple scientific methods. 35) Which research design provides existence proofs? a. Correlational design b. Experimental design c. Case study design d. Naturalistic observation design 36) Suppose you seat yourself in a cafeteria to count up which checkout line will students prefer: the one staffed by a visible minority or the other line. This is an example of which research design? a. Correlational design b. Experimental design c. Case study design d. Naturalistic observation design 37) A group of student researchers divide up the different times and buildings on their campus to attempt to determine when people will hold a door open for another person. These student researchers are most likely to use which research method design when conducting their study? a. Correlational design b. Experimental design c. Case study design d. Naturalistic observation design 38) If you sat in a public place, and assessed the relative attractiveness of the couples who walk by to see if their attraction levels matched or differed, this would illustrate which research design? a. Correlational design b. Experimental design c. Case study design d. Naturalistic observation design 39) The extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings is called a. face validity. b. construct validity. c. external validity. d. internal validity. 40) This research design examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period. a. Case study b. Correlation c. Experiment d. Naturalistic observation