SOLVED

171) Research shows that milk consumption is related to the incidence of cancer, so more milk means a greater risk. Based on these findings, you might not wish to drink milk, but what is the more reasonable conclusion? a. Simple theories are preferred to complex ones. b. Research questions or theories must be falsifiable. c. Good theories make safe, not risky, predictions. d. Correlation is not causation. 172) Researchers have shown a correlation between the number of tattoos on a motorist and the likelihood they get into an accident. To avoid the correlation = causation error, you would have to conclude that a. number of tattoos is correlated with the risk of an accident. b. tattoos lead to accidents. c. accident risk leads to a desire to get tattoos. d. a third variable like recklessness causes accidents and a desire to get tattoos. 173) Researchers have shown a correlation between hair length and anti-war attitudes (longer hair is associated with more protest to military action). If you fell guilty to the correlation = causation error, you might conclude a. haircuts will lead to more protests. b. a third variable like personality causes anti-war attitudes. c. hair length is more important than attitudes. d. hair length influences anti-war attitudes. 174) Researchers in Taiwan have found that contraceptive use was strongly related to the number of electrical appliances (i.e., toaster, fans, etc.) in the home. What is the best explanation for this result? a. The researchers made a mistake and no one else would ever replicate this finding. b. Contraceptive use causes people to purchase larger numbers of electrical appliances. c. A third variable, such as educational level, is associated with each and produces the observed relationship. d. Having many electrical appliances causes people to use contraceptive devices. 175) When a correlation between two variables can be just as easily explained by another variable, we refer to this problem as a. an unavoidable issue in psychology but not other sciences. b. the correlation-causation problem. c. the third variable problem. d. the replicability problem. 176) What might be a reasonable third-variable to explain the link between higher crime and whether you live in a single-parent home? a. Poverty b. Genetics c. Education d. Diet 177) Suppose that a therapist notices several clients with anxiety disorders also demonstrate symptoms consistent with major depressive disorder. Why should she be cautious in making the assumption that experiencing an anxiety disorder causes one to experience major depressive disorder? a. Her observations may not be replicated by other researchers. b. The relationship may really be the result of a third variable such as lack of personal control. c. The relationship may really be in the opposite direction; having major depressive disorder causes one to experience anxiety disorders. d. The observed relationship creates an unfalsifiable research question. 178) Dr. Puffer has conducted a correlational study and reported that smoking causes depression. He has failed to consider that both smoking and depression could be caused by some other variable, such as temperament or stress. This scenario reflects what problem within the correlation-causation fallacy? a. Bidirectionality of variables b. Third-variable problem c. Confirmation bias d. Risky predictions 179) ______ is an entity that can take on different values or properties. a. A theory b. An hypothesis c. A constant d. A variable 180) Psychology was once similar to which of the following disciplines? a. Theology b. Journalism c. Philosophy d. Biology