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21)A baby chimpanzee grunts a specific way and shortly after its mother provides food. This is an example of a A)contingent relationship. B)noncontingent relationship. C)semi-contingent relationship. D)nonexistent relationship. 22)An example of a contingency from naturalistic research is provided in the textbook by A)Tinbergen’s observation of the feeding behavior of herring gulls. B)Graziano and Kean’s research on disruptive behavior in autistic children. C)Darwin’s research on natural selection. D)Margaret Mead’s work on marriage rituals in the Trobriand Islands. 23)Low-constraint research procedures can contribute to the generalizability of findings if A)the researcher begins his/her research with extensive low-constraint observations. B)high-constraint findings from the laboratory are tested by making observations in naturalistic settings. C)the sample sizes are kept small so that careful observation of all participants is possible. D)it is carried out repeatedly. 24)The case-study level of constraint is used to study A)differences between psychopathological populations. B)the effects of treatment on psychological problems. C)any behavior of any kind of participant in a relatively unconstrained setting. D)if X causes Y. 25)Low-constraint research can A)negate a general proposition. B)establish a general proposition. C)establish a specific proposition. D)negate a general population. 26)A researcher uses naturalistic methodology to study dating behavior in college students. He/she finds the behavior on dates is strongly affected by alcohol (i.e., the more students drink alcohol, the more uninhibited they become during dates). With this information he/she can A)establish a specific proposition that alcohol affects dating behavior. B)establish a general proposition that alcohol affects dating behavior. C)state that the behavior of college students on dates is related to how much alcohol they drink. D)negate a general proposition that alcohol affects dating behavior. 27)Low-constraint research enables us to obtain useful information about A)techniques for manipulating variables. B)causality. C)relationships among variables. D)making and testing predictions. 28)Naturalistic and case study research can do all of the following EXCEPT A)describe events never before observed. B)suggest hypotheses to be tested with high-constraint research. C)identify contingent relationships among variables. D)

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