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41) The extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study is called a. face validity b. construct validity c. external validity d. internal validity 42) Shannon is interested in studying the vocalizations that a rare breed of squirrels makes when predators are nearby. She tags a small group of these squirrels and records the sounds that they make. What type of research method is Shannon using? a. Naturalistic observation b. Case study c. Correlation d. Experiment 43) The ability of researchers to draw cause-and-effect inferences from naturalistic observation studies is limited because of a. high external validity. b. high internal validity. c. low internal validity. d. low external validity. 44) A student researcher wishes to maximize the external validity of his or her research design. What research method should you recommend to him or her? a. Correlational design b. Naturalistic observational design c. Experimental design d. Case study design 45) A researcher is interested in determining how frequently bullying behaviour occurs in real-life settings. This researcher would best be advised to use the a. experimental design. b. case study design. c. correlational design. d. naturalistic observation design. 46) Case studies can be helpful in providing ________, or demonstrations that a given psychological phenomenon can occur. a. construct validity b. internal validity c. existence proofs d. external validity 47) This research design involves an extremely deep and detailed information gathering from a single individual over a long period of time. a. Naturalistic observation design b. Experimental design c. Case study design d. Correlational design 48) Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget devised complex models of cognitive development in children based on studies of his grandchildren. Which design would be best suited to Piaget’s goal? a. Naturalistic observation design b. Experimental design c. Case study design d. Correlational design 49) It may be difficult to test hypotheses in the area of dissociative identity (multiple personality) disorder, because it is an especially rare disorder. Which research design would be most useful in these circumstances? a. Naturalistic observation design b. Experimental design c. Case study design d. Correlational design 50) The study of rare or unusual phenomenon is most easily done through the use of the ________ design. a. case study b. observational c. experimental d. correlational

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