SOLVED

7.4 Subject and Experimenter Effects 1)Orne (1962) argues that every psychological experiment is a(n) ________ in which both participants and researchers are involved in a common undertaking. A)island B)social situation C)naturalistic experiment D)necessary but unpleasant event 2)Subject effects can occur as a confounding factor when A)there are too few participants. B)the conditions are not clearly differentiated. C)participants are aware they are being observed. D)participants are tested under more than one condition. 3)Experimenter effects  A)refer to a biasing effect due to the actions of the experimenter. B)do not occur at the experimental level of constraint. C)occur when two hypotheses are improperly mixed. D)occur if the experimenter has assigned too many participants to a group. 4)Experimenter expectancy is A)the expectation of participant bias. B)the bias due to nonrandom assignment of participants. C)the hopes of the researcher for no confounding variables. D)the potential biasing effect of the researcher. 5)When participants are “on guard,” they tend to behave differently, which can result in A)guarded optimism. B)behaviour modification. C)subject effects. D)personality disorder. 6)Unintentional cues given to participants about how to behave to satisfy the researcher are called A)unconscious cues. B)paralinguistic cues. C)cue prompting. D)demand characteristics. 7)If a participant has an expectation that a certain experimental manipulation will have an effect, the research can be biased by A)the placebo effect. B)demand characteristics. C)the optimism effect. D)the Melville effect. 8)The placebo effect occurs A)only in studies using suggestion. B)only in studies involving medication. C)when participants have fairly specific expectations of an experimental treatment. D)when participants have no preconceived notions about any aspect of the research. 9)Experimenter expectancies might be responsible for all of the following EXCEPT A)directly influencing the participant’s behaviour toward support of the hypothesis. B)selecting data that best support the hypothesis. C)minimizing demand characteristics. D)interpreting results in a biased manner. 10)Which of the following statements is NOT an example of experimenter expectancy? A)Participants trying to be “good participants.” B)Data selection to support the hypothesis. C)Choosing favorable statistical tests. D)Changing instructions from one group to another. 11)Experimenter expectancy was studied by A)Olne. B)Silverman and Becket. C)Rosenthal and Fode. D)Rosencrantz and Livingston. 12)The psychologist most responsible for our understanding of experimenter expectancy effects is A)Rosenberg. B)Rosencranz. C)Gildenstern.Â