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31) If demographic trends continue as predicted, which of the following will be TRUE? A) By 2030, the average life span in eastern societies will be 100 years. B) By 2030, Baby Boomers will make up 17 percent of the population. C) By 2040, 20 percent of the population will be over age 65. D) By 2040, 1 in 5 Americans will be over age 85. 32) Your patient is a 75-year-old female complaining of constipation and abdominal pain for two days. Your physical examination reveals a moderately distended abdomen. Which of the following is the best course of action? A) Advise the patient to use an enema. B) Contact medical control for approval to refuse treatment and transport. C) Transport the patient, because she has a potentially serious medical problem. D) Advise the patient to use a laxative. 33) You have arrived on the scene outside a grocery store where an elderly woman is sitting on the sidewalk with several bystanders. She has a hematoma on her forehead, abrasions on her palms, an obvious deformity of her right forearm, and an avulsion on her right knee that is continuing to bleed. Your patient says she is 80 years old and lives alone. She takes no medications and states she is in good health. She tells you she tripped over the curb as she approached the store entrance. When assessing the patient, which of the following would be most appropriate? A) A focused physical exam and rapid trauma assessment B) A detailed physical examination C) A rapid trauma assessment D) A focused physical exam 34) Which of the following is TRUE of incontinence in the elderly? A). It can lead to rashes, skin infections, ulcers, UTI’s, sepsis and falls. B) Urinary incontinence only affects female patients. C) It is normal in patients over age 80. D) It only occurs in patients with impaired cognitive functioning. 35) Which of the following is an intrinsic factor in falls in the elderly? A) High shelving for storage B) Glaucoma C) Throw rugs in the living area D) Ice on a driveway or sidewalk 36) Which of the following is a rule of thumb for determining the baseline mental status of an elderly patient? A) Elderly people generally cannot remember recent events, but they should have good recall of people and past events. B) The patient should be assumed to have normal cognitive functioning until proven otherwise. C) Patients living in nursing homes should be assumed to have cognitive impairment until proven otherwise. D) Cognitive function declines 7 to 10 percent every five years after age 65. 37) Your patient is an 82-year-old female whose daughter called EMS because the patient became very short of breath as they walked from their parking spot to the front of their church. On your arrival, the patient states that she just needed a little rest and now feels much better. On questioning, she admits to several such episodes in the last month. She denies chest pain and she says she, “Just got winded because she’s getting so old.” The patient has a heart rate of 84, a respiratory rate of 20, and blood pressure of 172/90. Your history and physical examination should focus on which of the following possibilities? 1. Pulmonary embolism 2. Acute myocardial infarction 3. Chronic gastrointestinal bleeding 4. Angina pectoris A) 1 and 2 B) 3 and 4 C) 2 only D) 1, 2, and 4 38) Which of the following is NOT a factor in decreased medication compliance in the elderly? A) Multicompartment pill boxes B) Inadequate income C) Child-proof medication containers D) Polypharmacy 39) Which of the following actions of the paramedic may lead to decubitus ulcer development in the elderly patient? A) Failing to pad the backboard for a patient in need of spinal immobilization B) Allowing the patient to remain in the same position during an extended transport time C) Failing to remove wet or soiled clothing of the incontinent patient D) All of the above 40) Which of the following is a social problem among the elderly? A) Loneliness B) Abuse C) Poor nutrition D) All of the above