SOLVED

81) _____________ is the tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomenon. a. Apophenia b. Transcendental temptation c. Pareidolia d. Emotional reasoning fallacy 82) Carmen is thinking about her best friend Simone who lives in France, and is wondering when she will get to talk to her again, when the phone suddenly rings and it is a call from Simone! Carmen says that Simone must have ESP. Carmen’s belief is an example of ______________. a. pareidolia b. apophenia c. transcendental temptation d. emotional reasoning fallacy 83) ___________ involves the perception of meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena, whereas ___________ involves the perception of meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli. a. Either-or fallacy; emotional reasoning fallacy b. Emotional reasoning fallacy; either-or fallacy c. Pareidolia; apophenia d. Apophenia; pareidolia 84) The phenomenon of apophenia is an example of an illusory correlation because a. we see a pattern where none really exists. b. we fall victim to erroneous information given to us by others. c. we accept anecdotal evidence in place of scientific evidence. d. we see a connection between related events. 85) Gregg’s nose itches as he is walking toward his telephone to call someone. Gregg phones his friend Maurice who tells him, “Man, we were just talking about you. That’s freaky!” Gregg takes this as support for the folk wisdom “your nose itches when people are talking about you.” In reality, this is an example of the confirmation bias because a. Gregg is not a scientist and therefore cannot answer the question. b. Gregg failed to consider the times where his nose itched and no one was talking about him. c. the folk wisdom “your nose itches when people are talking about you” is an unfalsifiable question. d. Gregg continues to believe this even though no evidence for it exists. 86) Our tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena is called a. active constructivism. b. passive constructivism. c. Apophelia. d. Apophenia. 87) According to the example in the book about receiving a phone call from a friend shortly after thinking of him or her, we often a. actively seek out parsimonious explanations for complicated problems. b. overestimate how unusual certain patterns of coincidental information really are. c. prefer skepticism to conspiracy theory explanations about presidential assassinations. d. chalk up coincidences as being due to chance rather than to supernatural events. 88) Scientific investigation has identified that “The Hot Hand” in basketball is a. dependent on the player’s skill level. b. a question that cannot be answered through science. c. a myth. d. a reality. 89) Reasoning traps that can lead to erroneous conclusions are called a. systematic information biases. b. experiential thought patterns. c. confirmation biases. d. logical fallacies. 90) Talk show pundits often take extreme positions and use language that is designed to anger and upset persons who AGREE with the pundit’s position. These strong, negative feelings are likely to encourage the a. either-or fallacy. b. the bandwagon fallacy. c. not me fallacy. d. emotional reasoning fallacy.