SOLVED

81 According to Piaget, a mental category or structure is called a(n): a. scheme b. model c. system d. theory 82. Two-year-old Katherine sees a goat for the first time, and calls it a cow because it has four legs and horns. According to Piaget, Katherine’s response is best considered an example of: a. fixation b. re-classification c. accommodation d. assimilation 83. The process by which organisms change to become more successful in their environment is: a. enculturation b. adaptation c. maturation d. socialization 84. Sixteen-year-old Dave was an exchange student in Europe for a year. When he returned, he had altered many of his ways of thinking about people, because his new experiences did not fit his old concepts. What Piagetian process was at work? a. fixation b. assimilation c. accommodation d. maturation 85. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development suggests that children start out in life relying primarily on their senses and bodily motion. This stage is referred to as which of the following? a. preoperational b. formal operational c. concrete operational d. sensorimotor 86. If you were to explain a particular behavior as being learned according to Vygotsky’s social-cognitive learning theory, you would most likely emphasize which of the following in your explanation of that behavior? a. how children learn from other people b. how reinforcement shapes behavior c. how punishment shapes behavior d. how toilet training affects later personality development 87. Which of the following situations best exemplifies Vygotsky’s view of development? a. Tommy learned to excel at mathematics by counting his allowance. b. Ellen learned a large vocabulary by reading her spy novels. c. Rudy learned to wash the dishes by helping his father wash them. d. Tina learned to sing by listening to her music tapes. 88. Lev Vygotsky’s views on human development can be best categorized as belonging to which of the following theoretical perspectives? a. biological b. evolutionary c. psychodynamic d. social-cognitive 89. Dr. Matthews believes that children learn by observing and by being guided by older children and adults. Thus, child development is like the apprenticeship that electricians serve as they learn their trade by working with experienced individuals. Dr. Matthews’s view of child development is most similar to that advanced by: a. Jean Piaget b. Lev Vygotsky c. Urie Bronfenbrenner d. Erik Erikson 90. Because in her family older women always do the cooking and younger women wash the dishes, Lucille comes to understand that this is how housework should be done. In Vygotsky’s terms, Lucille has developed a(n): a. bioecological understanding b. assimilated understanding c. shared meaning d. classically conditioned response