SOLVED

181) Which of the following describes the main difference between observational learning and operant conditioning? a. Observational learning uses punishment and reinforcement of models to condition the behaviours of observers. b. Observational learning uses mainly punishment to condition behaviour as compared to operant conditioning, which uses both reinforcement and punishment. c. Observational learning uses different schedules of punishment and reinforcement to condition behaviours as compared to operant conditioning. d. Observational learning uses mainly reinforcement to condition behaviour as compared to operant conditioning, which uses both reinforcement and punishment. 182) John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship. This behaviour is reflective of ________ learning. a. conditional b. stimulus response c. observational d. stimulus organism response 183) Which of the following theories provides the safest strategies for teaching a child to cross a busy street? a. Observational learning b. Stimulus organism response c. Operant conditioning d. Classical conditioning 184) Which theorists’ views of learning are most closely tied? a. Watson’s and Skinner’s b. Pavlov’s and Skinner’s c. Pavlov’s and Bandura’s d. Skinner’s and Bandura’s 185) Which of the following is true concerning Bandura’s classic “Bobo doll” study? a. Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in nursery school children. b. Exposure to aggressive models did not influence levels of aggression in nursery school children. c. Exposure to nonaggressive models led to decreased levels of aggression in nursery school children. d. Exposure to aggressive models led to decreased levels of aggression in nursery school children. 186) Researchers studying the effects of television violence on aggression have found that a. media violence may cause aggression in children, but this is difficult to substantiate because correlational studies used to investigate this link are low in internal validity. b. media violence causes aggression in children because high correlations exist between media viewing and amounts of violence viewed and aggressive behaviours. c. media violence may cause aggression in children because most children who watch violent television programs display aggressive personality types. d. media violence causes aggression in children because most correlational studies used to investigate this link have been high in internal validity. 187) Which type of neuron becomes active when we engage in observational learning? a. Sensory neuron b. Receiving neuron c. Mirror neuron d. Motor neuron 188) Neuroscientists believe that mirror neurons play a central role in ___________. a. empathy b. happiness c. aggression d. latent learning 189) ______________ is to the “aha reaction” as ______________ is to positive reinforcement. a. S-O-R psychology; negative reinforcement b. shaping; latent learning c. insight learning; law of effect d. fixed interval; variable ratio 190) Every time Charlie eats asparagus, she ends up feeling nauseous and sick to her stomach. After this happened a few times, Charlie starts to feel ill even when she sees asparagus or people talk about it, and she avoids eating or being around it although she doesn’t realize she is behaving this way. Which of the following reflects the type of conditioning Charlie has experienced? a. Operant conditioning b. Avoidance conditioning c. Aversive conditioning d. Instrumental conditioning