9.1 Variance 1)Experiments attempt to answer questions about A)contingencies. B)causality. C)correlations. D)etiology. 2)Experimental design, compared with naturalistic observation, A)is always a better procedure. B)is generally preferred, although it depends upon the nature of the question. C)generally yields less interpretable results. D)is always more difficult to carry out. 3)Experimental design A)refers to trying things out at random. B)is the random assignment of conditions. C)involves the measurement and control of variance. D)focuses on the measurement of contingencies. 4)In experimentation, designing the procedures A)must be done before making observations. B)is flexible and the procedures can be altered at any time. C)is carried out immediately following observation. D)includes analyzing the obtained data. 5)The term “experimental design” refers to the A)plan of an experiment. B)natural observation of participants. C)activity in planning an experiment. D)Both A and C. 6)A clear experimental design should be developed A)before making any observations. B)after observations have been made. C)at the data collection phase. D)before beginning to review literature in the area. 7)Which level of research includes unbiased assignment of participants to conditions and the prediction of causal relationships? A)Naturalistic. B)Correlational. C)Differential. D)Experimental. 8)Careful planning and general research design characteristics are A)important at all levels of research. B)important only at the experimental level. C)not possible at the naturalistic level. D)not possible at the case-study level. 9)One of the characteristics of an experiment is that it A)specifies one or more hypotheses about predicted causal effects of the independent variable(s) on the dependent variable(s). B)specifies one or more hypotheses about predicted causal effects of the dependent variable(s) on the independent variable(s). C)includes at least two levels of the dependent variable(s). D)must be conducted on a university campus. 10)The term “experimental design” refers to both A)participants and experimenters. B)the activity involved and the product. C)the plan of the research and the results. D)