SOLVED

161) The brain’s tendency to streamline our thinking processes by use of pre-existing knowledge is referred to as a. top-down processing. b. taxonomic construction. c. inductive reasoning. d. bottom-up processing. 162) Which of the following is not an example of top-down processing? a. Phonetic speech b. The Stroop effect c. The automaticity of reading d. Chunking information 163) Allan is a birdwatcher, and when he sees a new flying creature one day while on a walk, he does not need to discover that it flies, chirps, and eats worms and bugs to recognize that it is a bird. Allan is using ____________ to help him achieve cognitive economy and categorize his world. a. top-down processing b. schemas c. taxonomic hierarchies d. ad hoc reasoning 164) The fact that individuals from Mexico easily categorize avocadoes as a fruit and Western Europeans do not reflects the idea that a. what we consider to be typical of a category depends on our cultural and social experience. b. categorizations are independent of previous knowledge and experience. c. familiarity with an item increases use of cognitive schemas and mental shortcuts. d. taxonomic hierarchies are dependent on basic features of a category and may result in miscategorization. 165) Because our snap judgments are probably “good bets,” the tendency to use heuristics and intuition might be considered a. a maladaptation. b. a failure of cognitive miserliness. c. adaptive. d. too risky to use. 166) John Gottman and his colleagues were able to predict divorce rates of couples with startling accuracy using techniques related to the concept of a. linear regression. b. the availability heuristic. c. cognitive load. d. thin slicing. 167) Larry is out at a local market canvassing people to contribute to an environmental cause. He comes across a woman who looks very aggravated and stressed-out, and decides not to approach her. According to the types of cognitive economies we use, Larry would be engaging in _____________ to make his decision. a. ad hoc categories b. fast and frugal thinking c. taxonomic hierarchies d. scripts 168) Following a severe bus accident in British Columbia where all passengers and the driver were killed, Dwayne decides that it would be safer to drive than take the bus on his next several trips through the mountains. Dwayne is basing his decision on the a. representativeness heuristic. b. hindsight bias. c. confirmation bias. d. availability heuristic. 169) Many people drew faulty conclusions about the relative safety of air travel compared to automobile travel in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Such poor reasoning was the result of a. hindsight bias. b. mental sets. c. the availability heuristic. d. thin slicing. 170) __________ refers to the process of selecting among a set of possible alternatives. a. Mental set b. Decision making c. Heuristics d. Thin slicing 170) Imagine that you see an advertisement for a new cell phone that gives you coverage across 80% of Canada. However, if you reword the offer, you realize that you would have no cellular coverage in 20% of Canada. This example highlights how ___________ influence(s) our decision making. a. mental set b. heuristics c. framing d. algorithms