SOLVED

1-21) In the late 1800s, Wilhelm Wundt made use of introspection in his efforts to study psychological processes. The main criticism of introspection was that a. the technique required advanced instrumentation to implement effectively. b. it required that subjects be paid extensively for their efforts. c. research subjects had to be subjected to dangerous electrical shock. d. the technique was subjective because the participant was also the observer. 1-22) As described in your text, a __________ “is a plausible, organized, and logical set of principles and facts presented to explain why and under what circumstances a phenomenon occurs.” a. theory b. null hypothesis c. confound d. Type I error 1-23) Theories have three main functions in science: 1) to explain phenomena; 2) to organize existing knowledge; and 3) a. to help make predictions for future research. b. to specify appropriate statistical analyses. c. to set forth appropriate ethical guidelines. d. none of the above 1-24) Good scientific theories should effectively organize concepts, present clear, testable predictions, and strive to make explanations a. complex and multi-dimensional. b. very specific by using highly technical language. c. parsimonious. d. subjective. 1-25) Dr. Pascal has devised a new theory that helps to explain why some fans at certain sporting events tend to act in an aggressive manner. As she was developing the theory, Dr. Pascal was committed to making the explanations as simple and straightforward as possible. Consequently, Dr. Pascal was trying to make her theory a. pseudoscientific. b. parsimonious. c. introspective. d. confounded. 1-26) Sometimes complex scientific theories have to rely on unobservable and hypothetical processes that have been inferred from certain events. These inferences are referred to as a. constructs. b. introspection. c. blind procedures. d. confirmatory bias. 1-27) Sigmund Freud inferred that one’s personality consists of three components, the id, ego, and superego, based on interviews with his patients. In constructing theories, these kinds of inferences are referred to as a. introspection. b. observation. c. constructs. d. anthropomorphizing. 1-28) We can say that Freud’s theory of personality, with all of its inferences and assumptions, is less __________ compared to Skinner’s theory of learning, which is more concrete and simpler in scope. a. subjective b. introspective c. anthropomorphic d. parsimonious 1-29) Professor Spinoza has developed a new theory of human intelligence. In testing his theory, he devises a questionnaire that can be administered to college students to assess their degree of intelligence. In the next phase of the research, Professor Spinoza would NOT be interested in trying to a. prove his theory. b. support his theory. c. falsify his theory. d. disprove his theory. 1-30) What term refers to the idea that theories, by developing specific predictions, can be refuted or disproved? a. Rationalism b. Falsifiability c. Pseudoscience d. Constructs