SOLVED

81. According to Lev Vygotsky, the process by which more experienced people transmit cultural information to children is called: a. conservation b. synchrony c. guided participation d. social referencing 82. When a young child learns to help fold laundry and put clothes away, cultural information is a. conservation b. guided participation c. social referencing d. synchrony 83. The difference between the child’s actual developmental level and that child’s potential level of development if guided by adults or older peers is called the: a. intelligence quotient b. intellectual gap c. zone of potential development d. zone of proximal development 84. In comparison to Piaget’s view of cognitive development, Lev Vygotsky’s view put more emphasis on: a. gender differences between boys and girls b. whether children were raised in one-parent versus two-parent families c. social factors involved in learning d. egocentrism 85. One way of describing Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s views of childhood would be to note that Piaget saw children as ___________ whereas Vygotsky saw them as ____________. a. competent; incompetent b. little scientists; apprentices c. egocentric; sociocentric d. preoperational; postoperational 8 Which of the following would define the lowest point in a child’s zone of proximal development, according to Vygotsky? a. the problem is too hard for the child to solve, even with help b. the child can solve the problem with no help from anyone c. the child can solve the problem, but only if someone helps with the solution d. the child can solve the problem without help 50% of the time 87. Which of the following would define the highest point in a child’s zone of proximal development, according to Vygotsky? a. The problem is too hard for the child to solve, even with help. b. The child can solve the problem with no help from anyone. c. The child can solve the problem, but only if someone helps with the solution. d. The child can solve the problem without help 50% of the time. 88. Dr. Larsen states that he likes to give his students just enough “hints” so that they can figure out how to solve a difficult problem with a minimum of guidance. Dr. Larsen’s approach best demonstrates the concept of: a. automaticity b. symbolic representation c. conservation d. scaffolding 89. Rickie can’t figure out how to solve a math problem. His teacher gives Rickie a “hint” that helps him think a little differently about the problem, and now he solves it. Rickie’s teacher has used a technique best described as: a. scaffolding b. proximal development c. conservation d. symbolic representation 90. According to the text, memory processes reach nearly adult capabilities by about what age? a. age 2 years b. age 5 years c. age 7 years d. age 10 years