51.The suggestion that females have historically been treated gently by the courts because of their gender is a view known as: a.the gender hypothesis.c.the chivalry hypothesis. b.the sexist hypothesis.d.the Sir Walter Raleigh Hypothesis. 52.The fact that the “typical†street criminal is not only young and male but also disproportionately poor fits well with which of the following theories? a.Hirschi’s social controlc. Merton’s strain b.Sutherland’s differential associationd.Conflict 53.__________ is a subfield of criminology devoted to the study of the victims of crime. a.Victimologyc.Victimization b.Methods of victimsd.Victim case study 54.Which of the following is/are (a) criticism(s) of capital punishment in the U.S.? a.Most research shows that capital punishment does not serve as a deterrent. b.Capital punishment is irreversible. c.There is a strong appearance of racial discrimination in the application of the death penalty. d.all of the above 55.Which of the following is/are (a) reason(s) given for the lack of deterrence attributed to capital punishment? a.Most murders are crimes of passion in which the offender is not thinking rationally. b.Application of the death penalty is not swift. c.Application of the death penalty is not certain. d.all of the above 56.In the debate concerning decriminalization of drugs, which of the following is/are (an) argument(s) used by those who oppose decriminalization? a.Existing laws do reduce drug use even if they do not come close to ending it. b.Decriminalization would cause an unprecedented increase in use and addiction. c.Decriminalization would send precisely the wrong moral message. d.all of the above 57.In 1972, the United States Supreme Court ruled in the case of Furman v. Georgia that as it was applied, capital punishment was: a.cruel and unusual.c.unconstitutional.. b.constitutional.d.illegal. 58.In the debate concerning decriminalization of drugs, which of the following is/are (an) argument(s) used by those who favor decriminalization? a.Decriminalization would enable the police to be far more effective in dealing with predatory crime. b.Decriminalization would cut down on property crime committed to obtain money to buy illegal drugs. c.Decriminalization has the potential of dealing a death-blow to organized crime. d.all of the above