8.4 Control through Experimental Design 1)Being able to control many confounding variables is a major advantage of A)naturalistic research. B)case-study research. C)both naturalistic and case-study research. D)experimental research. 2)In general, a participant that receives the treatment is in the A)nonmanipulated group. B)manipulator group. C)experimental group. D)control group. 3)A key factor in experimental design is the A)testing of the effects of the dependent variable on the independent variable. B)protection of internal validity by controls to reduce confounding. C)protection of statistical validity by controls to reduce confounding. D)demonstration of a systematic, but not causal, relationship between two variables. 4)A critical issue in experimentation A)is discovering contingencies. B)focuses on the coefficient of determination. C)is protection of internal validity. D)focuses on observation of natural events in the natural environment. 5)The single-group pretest-posttest design A)is an example of a nonexperimental design. B)includes its own control group. C)provides good protection of internal validity. D)provides the same level of control as the pretest-posttest control-group design. 6)Which of the following is essential for a successful control-group design? A)That the experimental and control groups be comparable at the start of the study. B)That participants be randomly selected from a general population. C)That at least three conditions are manipulated. D)That there be an equal number of male and female participants. 7)Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an experiment? A)Unbiased assignment of participants to conditions. B)Two or more levels of the independent variable. C)The unbiased use of a placebo. D)The use of specific controls to decrease threats to internal validity. 8)A detailed plan for the conduct of an experiment is referred to as A)a variable design. B)a procedure design. C)an experimental design. D)an unbiased design. 9)A characteristic of an experiment is that A)both the dependent variable and the independent variable must be dichotomous. B)the independent variable must be dichotomous and the dependent variable continuous. C)the dependent variable must be presented at a minimum of two levels. D)the independent variable must be presented at a minimum of two levels. 10)A characteristic of an experiment is that A)participants must be assigned to conditions in an unbiased manner. B)participants must be assigned to conditions in a biased manner. C)the research hypothesis cannot be formulated until the supportive data have been collected. D)researchers must be blind as to condition. Â