31.What is the term that describes independent political associations that protect particular economic and social interests? a.political action committeesc.interest group organizations b.lobbiesd.autonomous pluralists 32.According to the text, pluralists: a.consider that the American political economy gives a measure of power to all competing groups through openness and democracy. b.maintain that the powerful do not consistently get their way. c.contend that the American system is relatively stable. d.all of the above 33.If you had recently joined the Sierra Club, what type of organization would you be a member of? a.a political action committeec.an interest group b.a lobbyd.an autonomous pluralism group 34.According to the __________ model, competition among elites disperses power among a number of different individuals and groups. a.pluralistc.elite b.state autonomyd.ruling class 35.What does the text propose as a preventive against polarization, which could lead to intense and violent conflict? a.cross-loyaltiesc.a strong police force b.a democratic governmentd.cross-cutting cleavages 36.The __________ model maintains that real power is concentrated in the hands of a small and relatively cohesive group of bureaucratic elites. a.pluralistc.power elite b.state autonomyd.ruling class 37.Which of the following is/are among the major changes following World War II that Mills identified as creating an American power elite? a.the growth of the modern megacorporation b.the rise of the mass media c.the growth of a huge and permanent military establishment d.all of the above 38.The __________ model maintains that the upper class dominates the political economy of the capitalist countries despite occasional challenges by the working and middle classes. a.pluralistc.power elite b.state autonomyd.ruling class 39.The __________ model sees top government officials and professional experts as the primary power holders. a.pluralistc.power elite b.state autonomyd.ruling class 40.According to the Marxist ruling-class model of power distribution, which of the following is among the ways in which the upper class defends its power? a.the candidate-selection processc.the policy planning process b.the special interest processd.all of the above