SOLVED

5-41) Dr. Wallace conducted a pre-post testing study where, in the pre-test, the subjects had their reaction times measured through the use of a 30-year-old apparatus that was built especially for this purpose. After many hours of sleep deprivation, the subjects then had their reaction times measured again, but this time Dr. Wallace used a new piece of equipment that she recently purchased. This change in instrumentation might be problematic in terms of a. testing changes. b. regression to the mean. c. maturation. d. statistical control. 5-42) Dr. Matthews is concerned that, in his pre-post testing study, subjects might catch on to his hidden purpose of the study, based on their experience to the pre-test. Dr. Matthews appears to be concerned that __________ will bias the subjects’ posttest responses. a. regression to the mean b. maturation c. pretest sensitization d. statistical control 5-43) To minimize the confounding effects of history, maturation, and regression to the mean, researchers can construct a __________ that does not receive the experimental manipulation. a. a new laboratory b. control group c. survey d. a sophisticated computer program 5-44) Suppose a researcher shows the exact same videotape segment to three different groups of subjects in an experiment, and manipulates the volume of the video’s narration across the three different groups (soft, medium, or loud). In this experiment, the __________ represents an example of holding conditions constant. a. loudness of the narration b. age of the subjects c. independent variable d. videotape segment 5-45) Professor Durgin wants to ensure that she has roughly a 1:3 male-to-female ratio in all four of her experimental groups. It appears as though Professor Durgin is making use of __________ in attempting to equate her groups. a. holding variables constant b. balancing c. factor analysis d. matching 5-46) As is the case with any __________, measurements that are biased can contribute systematic variance to the resulting data, which makes it difficult to interpret the effects of the independent variable. a. confounding b. good study c. naturalistic observation d. significant result 5-47) In experimental research, the most common forms of measurement bias deal with the __________ of the subjects and researchers. a. salaries b. prestige c. gender d. expectancies 5-48) Professor Carana is conducting an experiment, but he is worried that subjects might start to second-guess the purpose of the study when they enter his laboratory and see all of his intimidating, technological equipment. It appears that Professor Carana is concerned about the influence of a. balancing. b. demand characteristics. c. social desirability biases. d. randomization. 5-49) In terms of eliminating sources of bias in experimental research, which of the following sources of bias suggests that workers might improve in their performance merely because they are being observed closely by others? a. Social desirability bias b. Demand characteristics c. Hawthorne effect d. Confounding 5-50) A __________ procedure in an experimental investigation ensures that neither the researcher nor the subjects will know about what conditions are being administered to the participants. a. placebo b. Hawthorne Effect c. double-blind d. randomization 5-51) Which of the following techniques do experimenters often use in an attempt at reducing error variance? a. They recruit samples of subjects that are as homogeneous as possible. b. They make sure that subjects are treated in the same way in all conditions, with the     exception of the independent variable manipulations. c. They make sure they use reliable measurement procedures.