SOLVED

71) Jaime knows that the correlation between prolonged alcohol abuse and liver damage is very strong, but argues that this relationship is unlikely to apply to him because both his grandparents and parents drank heavily throughout their life and never suffered from any liver problems. What is the problem with Jaime’s reasoning? a. He is using anecdotes to refute correlational evidence. b. He has not tested his ideas using a scientific method. c. He is a drinker himself and suffers from the confirmation bias. d. He believes that he is the exception because psychology is a science of exceptions. 72) According to your text, many people believe that there are strong correlations between the full moon and strange behaviour, such as violent crime, suicides, psychiatric admissions, and births (otherwise known as the lunar lunacy effect). This is an example of a. a positive correlation. b. a negative correlation. c. a zero correlation. d. an illusory correlation. 73) Superstitions are often based on a. case studies. b. anecdotal evidence. c. illusory correlations. d. experimental data. 74) For many years, newspapers often mentioned the race of criminal suspects who were NOT white in articles detailing crimes. This often led people who were not obviously biased or prejudiced to conclude that more non-whites committed crimes than whites. This is one example of a. the representativeness heuristic. b. illusory correlation. c. the confirmation bias. d. the hindsight bias. 75) There is an illusory correlation between joint pain and rainy weather. According to the Great Fourfold Table of Life, which of the following experiences do we pay too much attention to? a. Instances where it is raining and there is joint pain. b. Instances where it is raining and there is no joint pain. c. Instances where it is not raining and there is joint pain. d. Instances where it is not raining and there is no joint pain. 76) Using the Great Fourfold Table of Life, we tend to fall prey to believing in illusory correlations because of both the a. representativeness heuristic and confirmation bias. b. base rate fallacy and fallacy of positive instances. c. disconfirming bias and availability heuristic. d. availability heuristic and fallacy of positive instances. 77) Correlational research designs are NOT appropriate for purposes of a. causation. b. prediction. c. description. d. association 78) A news article reports a negative correlation between brain size and self-esteem, which leads some people to conclude that larger brains lead to lower self-esteem. The main problem with this conclusion is that a. the relationship between brain size and self-esteem may be due to a third variable, such as alcohol use. b. causal inferences can only be made for really strong correlations. c. this relationship is an illusory correlation. d. the directionality of the relationship is unclear. 79) Correlations allow researchers to make ________________ about the world, whereas observational and case studies allow us to _________________ phenomenon. a. causal inferences; predictions b. predictions; describe c. descriptions; predict d. causal inferences; describe 80) Dr. Trawma wants to study whether psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy, or systematic desensitization is better at reducing his patients’ anxiety due to post-traumatic stress disorder. The dependent variable in this study is a. post-traumatic stress disorder. b. the type of therapy. c. the patients’ levels of anxiety. d. systematic desensitization.