SOLVED

11)Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quasi-experimental designs? A)The researcher includes specific procedures for testing hypotheses. B)The researcher usually must accept already existing groups. C)The researcher always directly manipulates the independent variable. D)The researcher includes controls for threats to validity. 12)Two basic quasi-experimental designs mentioned in the text are A)the nonequivalent control-group design and the differential design. B)the repeated-measures design and the nonequivalent control-group design. C)the interrupted time-series design and the case-study design. D)the nonequivalent control-group design and the interrupted time-series design. 13)Using already existing groups for research implies that A)participants cannot be randomly assigned. B)the research project is doomed to fail. C)any comparisons made between the groups are meaningless. D)participants have already been randomly assigned. 14)When naturally existing groups can be shown to be similar to each other on most relevant variables, an appropriate quasi-experimental design would be the A)equivalent control-group design. B)nonequivalent control-group design. C)quasi-equivalent control-group design. D)preexisting control-group design. 15)Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quasi-experimental designs? A)They include specific procedures for testing hypotheses. B)They include some controls for threats to validity. C)They include random assignment of participants to groups. D)They include a causal hypothesis. 16)Why is it best when testing a causal hypotheses to compare groups that are randomly assigned? A)It is more likely that the groups are equivalent at the beginning of the study. B)Random assignment assures that the participants are unaware of what is being studied. C)Random assignment assures that the experimenter is blind to the condition of the participant. D)It is more likely that the groups are nonequivalent at the beginning of the study. 17)If groups are the same on the dependent variable at the start of the study, A)they are said to be equivalent. B)the same type of conclusions can be drawn as if they were randomly assigned. C)they may still differ on variables that could be potentially confounding. D)they will be the same on the independent variable. 18)In the nonequivalent control-group design, A)the more similar the natural groups are to each other, the more confidence we can have in causal conclusions. B)the more dissimilar the natural groups are, the more confidence we can have in causal conclusions. C)the natural groups must be tested to assure equivalence on the dependent measure. D)the natural groups must be tested to assure equivalence on the independent variable. 19)According to Cook and Campbell (1979), if you have evidence that the naturally-occurring groups in a nonequivalent control-group design are NOT equivalent on potential confounding variables, A)you should find new naturally-occurring groups that are equivalent. B)you may be able to draw conclusions if you carefully evaluate all potential threats to validity. C)you should continue with the experiment as planned, because the groups only need to be equivalent on the dependent measure. D)you may be able to draw conclusions if you reassign participants to different groups. 20)The best alternative to using groups that have been randomly assigned to conditions is to use A)groups that have been assigned in a biased manner. B)a no control-group design. C)a nonequivalent control-group design in which the groups appear similar on relevant variables. D)