11)A researcher wants to study all 2000 college graduates from the University of Hawaii. She gathers data from all the college graduates at the University of Hawaii in the year 2000. She has studied a A)reference group. B)sample. C)population. D)statistic. 12)In order to interpret information about a population of interest, researchers must employ A)descriptive statistics. B)inferential statistics. C)summary statistics. D)population statistics. 13)The null hypothesis states that A)there is no statistical difference between the population means. B)the population mean is different than the sample mean on a variable of interest. C)there is always a difference between samples because of sampling error. D)any difference between samples will be negligible. 14)Which of the following is correct? A)We cannot say with certainty that the conclusions drawn from a sample are always valid for the population. B)Inferences drawn from a random sample are always valid for the population. C)Inferences drawn from a population are always valid for the sample. D)Inferences drawn from parameters are always valid for the sample. 15)The statement that there is no statistically significant difference between two population variances exemplifies a(n) A)no-difference hypothesis. B)null hypothesis. C)no-difference theorem. D)alternative hypothesis. 16)Null hypotheses are tested by using A)population statistics. B)population parameters. C)inferential statistics. D)descriptive statistics. 17)The variation among different samples drawn from the same population is termed A)measurement error. B)population variation. C)sampling error. D)sampling variation. 18)A researcher wants to study all high school students in Spain. She collects data from a group of high school students in Barcelona. The statistical characteristics of this group would be A)population statistics. B)sample parameters. C)population parameters. D)sample statistics. 19)A statistical characteristic of the entire group that a researcher is interested in studying is a A)population parameter. B)population statistic. C)sample parameter. D)sample statistic. 20)A statistical characteristic of a subset of people drawn from the entire population of interest is a A)population statistic. B)population parameter. C)sample statistic. D)sample parameter.Â